Black Hawk Down Analysis

In the 1990s, Somalia is undergoing a famine along with a civil war. Many civilians have died as a result of the war, and so the UN has intervened and started a peacekeeping operation there, with a base just outside Mogadishu. Unfortunately, the Somalis, distrusful of the UN, have declared war on everyone involved in the operation. In response to this, the US army deploys Delta Force to aimed at undermining the power of the president of Somalia. They plan a mission to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of the President’s top advisers.The operation is planned out, and everything seems foolproof. Before they leave however, a lieutenant is removed from duty due to a seizure, and so a less experienced soldier must take his place and lead the crew. Delta Force is deployed to capture the two men in Mogadishu, and all goes according to plan. Helicopters are flown in over the city, and they can see tires burning, which is the Somali’s signaling that the y were coming. They then convince a taxi driver to show them where the two men will be, and they go in with helicopters and armored vehicles.They successfully capture the two advisers, and wait for the extraction team to come pull them out of the hostile territory. On the way, the extraction team takes heavy fire, and one of the helicopters is hit with an RPG. It goes into a tailspin and hits a rooftop before crashing into a street. Two of the passengers in the helicopter crawl out and away, but the other two have extensive injuries and have to stay in the helicopter. Another helicopter is told to take the place of the one that went down.This helicopter is quickly shot down as well, but lands with less injuries. At this point the armored vehicles are diverted from the path of retrieving the two captured men and told to go to the first crash site, retrieve the soldiers there, and then move to the second crash site and secure it. On the way to the crash site, one of the armored vehicl es is hit by an RPG, and men are thrown out of it. The convoy stops and retrieves the wounded, but in the process another soldier is shot. Throughout the mission, the armored convoy is being given directions by a plane overhead.At this point, the confusion is too great and the directions are inaccurate. Roadblocks are being set up by the Somalis, which makes it impossible for the convoys to reach the crash sites. Unbeknownst to the ground forces, the convoys give up trying to reach the crash sites and head back to the UN safe zone, in the stadium. Meanwhile, ground forces are also trying to reach the crash sites. A group of men reach the first crash site, and set up a defensive perimeter around it, with the base inside the house that the helicopter crashed into.They attempt to treat the wounded soldiers, and hold back Somali forces. At the second crash site, two snipers are dropped in by helicopter to try to retrieve the wounded. They find one soldier injured and alive, but as night falls, both of them are killed and the injured soldier is taken captive. Under cover of darkness, the Somalis attack the first crash site, but air support from the military holds them back until help can arrive. A relief convoy arrives and rescues the wounded, but many of the soldiers are forced to run back to the stadium.As they arrive, they are greeted with hundreds of smiling and cheering Somalis. In the end, there were 19 American, and over 1,000 Somali casualties. The injured soldier that was captured at the helicopter crash site was released almost two weeks later. The two snipers that went in to retrieve the injured soldier were awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously. Soon after, the president of Somalia was killed in a battle with a rival group. The following day, the general in control of the operation resigned. In terms of accuracy, most of this movie is biased toward the Americans.In the beginning, there is a scene where the Americans are flying over the UN food supply trucks that were sent in to feed Somalia, and in this scene, Aidid’s men mercilessly gun down civilians in order to take the food trucks. In reality, that event never even happened. Throughout the whole movie, director Ridley Scott added and took away events to delude the viewer into believing that the Somalis were evil people who had no motive, and just wanted to be in control. When this war actually happened, there were two phases of UN involvement.The movie mixes them together in a way that suits its purpose. Phase one was actually a benevolent move by the UN; food trucks were brought in an attempt to feed the starving citizens of Somalia. This lasted for awhile, but not forever. Then came phase two, which was the violent phase. The US Army came in to the city with a, â€Å"military campaign to to install a fresh political system in Somalia. † The Somalians resented this. Another, more blatant inaccuracy was when the movie announced onscreen that â€Å"Aididâ€℠¢s militia first killed 24 Pakistani soldiers and then began to target US troops.†The opposite of this is actually true. US troops were targeting Aidid before the Pakistanis were killed by a Somali mob. The UN interfered with Aidid’s affairs before the events of the movie even took place. This omission of information is meant to convince the viewers that the attack on the US troops was unprovoked and aggressive, to indicate that the US was in the right and Aidid’s army was in the wrong. Also, the movie makes it seem as though this is the first time US troops had engaged in any kind of action in Mogadishu.In actuality, the Delta Force had flown in over Mogadishu many times before to harrass Aidid and his supporters. US troops â€Å"rotor-washed† houses and people in downtown Mogadishu, meaning they would hover above the town in helicopters and blow down structures with the force of the wind from the rotors. The final and most glaring piece of evidence still remains. Through the entire film, it is not explained why the US troops and Delta Force were met with such violence and antagonism on the streets of Mogadishu.The movie plot and the way the characters are presented leads the viewer to believe that the Somalians are just naturally aggressive and ferocious people. The real reason is that months before, on July 12, 1993, the dominant groups in Mogadishu held a meeting to discuss a peace proposal from a main official at the UN, Jonathan Howe. Many prominent leaders of groups opposed to Aidid were also there. During the meeting, US helicopters attacked the building that the gathering was in, and slaughtered Somali religious leaders and elders.This enraged the Somalis, and so when they met the US troops in the streets of Mogadishu, they took out their full anger and ferocity on them in retaliation for what was done at the meeting. This film is skewed to favor of the US, in order to sway viewers to believe that what the UN did was entirel y justifiable, that the Somalis have short fuses and will fight, unprovoked, at the drop of a hat. The viewers of this movie would naturally be led to have a negative attitude toward Somalia, and ultimately in future engagements, be biased towards the US military as heroically on the side of justice.The US military establishment was more than pleased with this depiction of the October 3, 1993 raid on Somalia, in which 18 US soldiers lost their lives and two Black Hawk helicopters were destroyed. As evidence, thousands of videotapes of the film were sent to US military bases abroad and the producer of the movie, Jerry Bruckheimer was widely quoted as telling General John Keane, â€Å"General, we’re going to make a movie that you and your army will be proud of. † After seeing the film, General Keane told reporters â€Å"He did that, and we thank him. †

The Government Of India Environmental Sciences Essay

India, our fatherland, is a colossal state both in footings of its topography and history. Its measuring is so titanic that it is frequently described as a ‘sub-continent ‘ portion of the Asiatic continent and yet looking like a continent in itself. It sprawls between the white highs of the Himalaya and the shores of the Indian Ocean, which washes the land for 1000s of kilometers from the delta of the Ganga in West Bengal to Kachchh in Gujarat, a small to the E of the oral cavity of the Indus. The land encompasses the huge sweeps of the northern fields, the littorals of the Thar on the West, Indo-Myanmar hills on the E, the uneven tableland surface, the antediluvian hills and the coconut bring forthing coastal fields on the South and the exalted snow-capped mountains on the North. The state gets an abundant of sunlight from the tropical Sun and the wet from the sprinkling monsoon rains. The two elements together exercising enormous influence on the fate of its pullulating 1000000s. This is India, our fatherland, the dispenser of our fate with astonishing steadiness, disputing stage, and still changing like the agreements in a kaleidoscope.PROTECTED AREAS:The Government of India enacted Wild Life ( Protection ) Act 1972 with the aim of efficaciously protecting the wild life of this state and to command poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derived functions, the Act was amended in January 2003 and penalty and punishment for offenses under the Act have been made more rigorous, the Ministry has proposed farther amendments in the jurisprudence by presenting more stiff steps to beef up the Act with an aim of supplying protection to the endangered vegetations and zoologies and ecologically of import protected countries[ 1 ]. Protected country is a wide term given chiefly to national Parkss and wildlife sanctuaries meant for affording protection to wild animate beings and their home ground. They besides comprise game militias and biosph ere militias. Protected countries have been set up all over the universe with the unambiguous purpose of guarding and conserving zoologies and vegetations. In India excessively these have been set up in assorted parts of the state. The thought of making protected countries for conserving and protecting wild animate beings and their home ground is non new to India. In ancient times excessively male monarchs and other swayers set aside game preserves though these were meant more for runing than for protecting wild animate beings. Even during the British period many swayers had hiting conserves which were subsequently accorded the position of protected countries, e.g. Bharatpur national park. Many protected countries have been created after the passage of Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. The province authoritiess are empowered to represent national Parkss and wildlife sanctuaries. The cardinal authorities has been armed with more powers under the 42nd constitutional amendment with respects to woods and wildlife. It is a well-accepted fact that at least 5 % of the entire geographical country of India should be set aside as protected country for best consequences so far as wildlife is concerned. Policy formation for the wildlife protection and preservation is made by National Board for Wildlife ( NBWL ) , which is headed by the Prime Minister of India. In order to underscore the people ‘s engagement and their support to protect wildlife a National Wildlife Action Plan ( 2002-2016 ) was adopted in 2002. The policies and be aftering on wildlife preservation, is really much guided by the Federal Ministry and every bit far as Forests Departments are concerned they play a really important function in the execution of the policies for the preservation of wildlife. A web of 668 Protected Areas ( PAs ) has been established, widening over 1,61,221.57 sq. kilometer. ( 4.90 % of entire geographic country ) , consisting 102 National Parks, 515 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 47 Conservation Militias and 4 Community Reserves, 39 Tiger Reserves and 28 Elephant Militias have been designated for species specific direction of tiger and elephant home grounds[ 2 ]. Five protected countries has bee n declared as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. There are 5 classs of the Protected Areas viz, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere militias, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves.National PARKS:The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 empowers the province authorities to represent national Parkss. It states, â€Å" whenever it appears to the province authorities that an country whether within a sanctuary or non is by ground of its ecological, faunal, flowered, structural or zoological association or importance needed to be constituted as a national park for the intent of propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment, it may by presentment declare its purpose to represent such an country as a national park. † In order to represent an country into a national park some processs are expected to follow and few of them are counted below: The aggregator makes an question and hearing for rights and grants after that the province authorities through a specific presentment declares an country to be constituted into a national park. Alterations can be made in the frontiers of the national Parkss merely through a declaration by the legislative assembly of the province. All sorts of devastation, development or remotion of woods merchandises, wildlife, teguments, trophies, or their home ground in a national park is banned and prohibited. In national Parkss cowss croping are non allowed. For the intent of a scientific survey or research the gaining control of animate beings can be done merely with the consent and permission of the Chief Wildlife Warden. Within the bounds of national park no 1 can put to death detonation, execute excavation or breakage of land. Chief Wildlife Warden can curtail the entry of human existences in some certain parts of the national Parkss. Permanent abode is prohibited in the premises of a national park if there is any small town it should be shifted to some other countries.WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES:The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 empowers the province authoritiess to represent an country into a wildlife sanctuary after following the prescribed process for question and hearings into the bing rights and grants if any[ 3 ]. The province can declare an country into a wildlife sanctuary which it thinks can be helpful in protecting, propagating or developing the ecology, vegetations and zoologies, geomorphology, wildlife and its environment. The legal commissariats of the wildlife sanctuaries are given below: An question is made by the aggregator sing the being, nature, and extent of rights of individuals populating on the proposed country on which the province authorities wants to represent a sanctuary. After looking into the issues of the rights of the people whose lands are to be acquired a fresh presentment is issued by the aggregator. Free motion of the people is prohibited inside a sanctuary. But lasting occupant can make so with some conditions that they assist in the sensing of offenses, study about deceasing and dead animate beings and in groking the wrongdoers. For the intent of research, survey, touristry or related activity the permission of the Chief Wildlife Warden must be taken ; it can be charged or may be free. To transport arms inside the sanctuary, permission of the competent authorization must be taken. No commercial activity is allowed in a sanctuary.BIOSPHERE RESERVES:In order to protect the workss and animate beings, preserve their diverseness for the present and future homo usage within their natural ecosystems, this construct of pull offing vegetations and zoologies lead to the outgrowth of biosphere militias. Biosphere militias are protected countries of several tellurian, coastal and marine environments that have been internationally recognised for their value in supplying scientific cognition, accomplishments and human values to back up sustainable development[ 4 ]. From each biosphere militias following three maps are expected to be fulfilled: a preservation map – to lend to the preservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and familial fluctuation[ 5 ], a development map – to further economic and human development which is sociocultural and ecologically sustainable[ 6 ], a logistic map – to supply support for research, monitoring, instruction and information exchange related to local, national and planetary issues of preservation and development[ 7 ].CONSERVATION RESERVES:They can be declared by the State Governments in any country owned by the Government, peculiarly the countries adjacent to National Parks and Sanctuaries and those countries which link one Protected Area with another, such declaration should be made after holding audiences with the local communities with a intent of protecting landscapes, seascapes, vegetations and zoologies and their home ground[ 8 ]. It does non impact the rights of people populating inside a Conservation Reserve.COMMUNITY RESERVES:They can be declared by the State Government in any private or community land, non comprised within a National Park, Sanctuary or a Conservation Reserve, where an person or a community has volunteered to conserve wildlife and its home ground. Community Reserves are declared for t he intent of protecting zoology, vegetation and traditional or cultural preservation values and patterns. As in the instance of a Conservation Reserve, the rights of people populating inside a Community Reserve are non affected.DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATIONAL PARK, SANCTUARY and BIOSPHERE RESERVES:NATIONAL PARK Habitat for peculiar wild carnal species. The general size scope is 0.04 to 3162 sq. kilometer. Boundaries fixed by statute law. Except the buffer zone no biotic intervention. Tourism allowable. Research and scientific direction lacking. So far no cistron pool and preservation. Sanctuary By and large, species-oriented such as citrous fruit, hurler works, etc. The general size scope is 0.61 to 7818 kilometer. Boundaries are non inviolable. Limited biotic intervention. Tourism allowable. Research and scientific direction lacking. So far no cistron pool and preservation. BIOSPHERE RESERVE Ecosystem oriented i.e. all signifiers of life. The general size scope is over 5670 sq. kilometer. Boundaries fixed by statute law. Except the buffer zone, no biotic intervention. Tourism usually non allowable. Managed attending is given.Purpose FOR THE FORMATION OF PROTECTED AREAS AND NATIONAL PARKS:With big regional fluctuations in physical geography, clime and edaphic types as mentioned above, Indian woods offer a broad scope of home ground types, which is responsible for a big assortment of wildlife in India. Wildlife comprises animate beings, birds and insects populating in woods. There are about 76,000 species in India, which is about 82 % of the known life species of the universe. Nature has bequeathed our fatherland with more than two 1000 species of birds, more than five 100 species of mammals and 100s of species of reptilians and amphibious vehicles. As we all know that the forest screen in our state is deteriorating at a really fast gait and because of this wildlife is acquiring grandiose really adversely. The figure of several species has been drastically reduced, some are endangered species and the others are on the brink of extinction while some of them have already disappeared. Some of them are the olympian Lion, elusive Snow Leopard, one-horned Rhinoceros, Elephant, rare lion-tailed Macaque, aureate Eagle, western Tragopan and Monal Pheasant. In order to protect natural flora, wildlife, endangered species, preserve familial diverseness and to keep a balance in ecosystem assorted national Parkss, sanctuaries and biospheres came into being. Indian Board for Wildlife was established in 1952. The chief intent of the board was to rede the Government on the agencies of preservation and protection of wildlife, building of national Parkss, sanctuaries and zoological gardens every bit good as exciting civic awareness vis-a-vis safeguarding of vegetations and zoologies. Then came the Wildlife ( protection ) Act, 1972 which is a comprehensive jurisprudence that gives house position to the national Parkss and sanctuaries and other militias, extends statutory precautions to the full geographical country, prescribe potent control over the trade and traffic in wild animate beings and carnal articles puting down hindrance penalties for the reprobates. Threatened and disappearing species of vegetations and zoologies have been taken under the horizon of this act. Some other grounds which are really much responsible for the formation of protected countries to protect and conserve our bio-diversity are devastation of wild workss of woods for lumber, wood coal and firewood frequently deprives wild animate beings their most toothsome nutrient and affects their endurance, absence of screens or shelter to wild animate beings, noise pollution by different conveyance media and fouling river H2O have adversely affected wild animate beings runing methods of all sorts and for any intent ( that is, nutrient, diversion, pelt, feather, ivory, horn etc. ) .

Little Red Riding Hood Essay

One of the funniest of all games played by Freudian literary critics is that of finding sex symbols in old fairy tales. It is a very easy game to play. Freud is said to have once remarked that a cigar sometimes is just a cigar, but psychoanalysts who write about fairy tales seem incapable of seeing them as just fantasies intended to entertain, instruct, and at times frighten young children. Bruno Bettelheim’s analysis of Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH), in his book The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976) is a prime example of Freudian symbol searching. But first, a brief history of this famous fable. The story began as a folk tale that European mothers and nurses told to young children. The fable, in its many variants, came to the attention of Charles Perrault (1628-1703), a French attorney turned poet, writer, and anthologist. He published one version in a 1697 collection of fairy tales-a book that became a French juvenile classic. Perrault opens his story â€Å"Le Petit Chaperon Rouge† (Little Red Cape) by telling about a pretty village girl who is called Little Red Riding Hood because she loves to wear a red cape and hood given to her by her grandmother. Her mother hands her some biscuits and butter to take to the sick grandmother in a nearby village. Walking through a wood, LRRH encounters a friendly wolf who asks where she is going. After she tells him, the wolf says he’ll go there too, but by a different route and they’ll see who gets there first. The wolf arrives ahead of the girl, devours the grandmother, then crawls into bed. When LRRH shows up he simulates the grandmother’s voice, telling her to put the biscuits and butter aside and climb in bed. LRRJ undresses and does as she is told. A famous dialog follows: â€Å"What great arms you have, grandma! The better to embrace you, my child. ‘What great legs you have! The better to run with, my child. What great ears! The better to hear with. What great eyes! The better to see with. What great teeth! The better to eat you with. † The wolf then gobbles up LRRH and the story ends! I have been told, though I strongly doubt it, that French children find this ending amusing, and are not in the least disturbed by it. Andrew Lang, who reprinted Perrault’s version in his Blue Fairy Book, severely criticizes Perrault for choosing a version with such a gruesome ending. When the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm later published in 1812 their collection of more than 200 traditional fairy tales, many taken from Perrault, they gave the story a less grim ending. In their version (you’ll find it in the Modern Library’s Tales of Grimm and Andersen), LRRH’s mother gives her cake and a bottle of wine to take to the ailing grandmother. LRRH is not afraid of the wolf when she meets him in the forest. He persuades her to pick some flowers to rake to her grandmother. While she is doing this (disobeying her mother who told her not to dawdle) the wolf hastens to the grandmother’s house, finds the door unlocked, enters, and promptly eats the grandmother. When LRRH arrives she is surprised to find the door open. She thinks it is her grandmother in bed because the wolf has pulled a nightcap over his face, and sheets over his body. LRRH stands beside the bed while the familiar dialog occurs about the wolf’s body parts. The wolf then springs out of bed and eats LRRH. He now goes back to bed and falls asleep. A passing hunter hears the wolf’s loud snores. He goes inside to investigate and is about to shoot the wolf until he realizes it may have eaten the grandmother. So he pulls out a knife and cuts open the wolf’s belly. Both LRRH and the grandmother emerge as unharmed as Jonah when he was vomited out of the whale’s belly. LRRH brings some big stones into the house to put inside the wolf, who is still asleep. When he awakes and tries to get away, the heavy stones drag him down and he drops dead. The hunter skins the wolf and takes the skin home. The grandmother can hardly breathe, but she feels much better after eating the cake and drinking some wine. LRRH says to herself, â€Å"I will never again wander off into the forest as long as I live, when my mother forbids it. † The tale is short and simple. Its obvious moral is that children should obey their mothers when they walk through dangerous areas, and to beware of seemingly friendly strangers. I suppose it is the linking of LRRH’s beauty and innocence with her grisly experience that has led to her capturing the hearts of so many adults everywhere, especially in Germany, France, Sweden, and England. â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood was my first love,† declared Charles Dickens. I felt that if I could have married Little Red Riding Hood, I should have known perfect bliss. † Bruno Bettelheim devotes eighteen pages of his book on fairy tales to LRRH. [1] In his eyes the girl is not as innocent as she seems. She is at the nymphet stage when her premature â€Å"budding sexuality† is creating deep unconscious conflicts between her id (animal nature) and her superego (conscience), as well as between her allegiance to what Freud called the â€Å"pleasure principle† and the â€Å"reality principle. † Unconsciously, she wants to be seduced by her father. The wolf’s eating her represents that seduction. The red color of LRRH’s hood, according to Bettelheim, symbolizes her unconscious sexual desires. He sees the gift of the hood by the grandmother as representing a transfer of sexual attractiveness from an old sick woman to a young healthy girl. The grandmother is a symbol of the little girl’s mother. When the wolf ears the grandmother it represents the little girl’s wish to get rid of her mother so she can have her father all to herself. In Grimm’s version, Bettelheim sees the hunter as another father symbol. When he cuts open the wolf’s belly it indicates â€Å"the idea of pregnancy and birth,† thus coming â€Å"too close for comfort in suggesting a father in a sexual activity connected with his daughter. † Bettelheim, of course, is not the only Freudian to read dark sexual meanings into the story. Psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in The Forgotten Language: An Introduction to the Understanding of Dreams, Fairy Tales, and Myths (1951) is also convinced that LRRH is experiencing unconscious sexual impulses and really wants to be seduced by the wolf. The red cape symbolizes her menstrual blood as she enters womanhood. When the mother warns her not to leave the path or she might fall and break the wine bottle, it represents the mother’s fear that her daughter might lose her virginity by breaking her maidenhead. â€Å"The male is portrayed as a ruthless and cunning animal,† Fromm writes. The sexual act becomes a â€Å"cannibalistic act in which the male devours the female. † Fromm sees this as an expression of a deep antagonism toward men by frigid females who do not enjoy sex. The male wolf is â€Å"made ridiculous† by showing â€Å"that he attempted to play the role of a pregnant woman, having living beings in his belly. The stones that LRRH puts in the wolf’s stomach are â€Å"symbols of sterility† that cause him to collapse and die. The stones â€Å"mock his usurpation of the pregnant woman’s role. â€Å" â€Å"The story,† Fromm concludes, â€Å"speaks of the male-female conflict; it is a story of triumph by man-hating women, ending with their victory, exactly the opposite of the Oedipus myth, which lets the male emerge victorious from this battle. † Jack Zipes, who teaches German at the University of Minnesota, is the author of The Brothers Grimm (1986), a two-volume edition of Grimm’s stories, a collection of French folk tales, and other books on folklore. One of his books is titled The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood (1983, updated in 1993). The book is a marvelous scholarly history of the LRRH fable and its many versions and interpretations. Zipes covers all the oral variations that preceded Perrault, as well as the many retellings by writers from the Grimm brothers to 1993. Some of the oral tales are even more morbid than Perrault’s version. In several versions the Wolf slices up the grandmother and pours her blood into a bottle. LRRH then eats and drinks what she thinks is meat and wine before the wolf eats her. In other versions LRRH escapes by telling the wolf she has to go outside to relieve herself. Thirty-eight variations of the tale are reprinted in Zipes’s anthology, along with a raft of illustrations from books and advertisements. At the back of the book he lists 147 published versions of the story, including retellings by Walter de la Mare and James Thurber, as well as comic parodies, poems, plays, recordings, musicals, and films. His bibliography of critical references runs to 153 items!

Media Culture in Canada Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Culture in Canada - Assignment Example Canada has two primary languages English and French. Canada has a very unique blend of customs and traditions because of migration into its country; therefore, because of the cultural diversity it’s very necessary for the Canadian government to promote its own culture. The Canadian government faces many challenges because of its influx of citizens from European cultures and an extensive migration between America and Canada. Canada struggled immensely to protect its identity in 1920(Media Awareness Network 1). At that time, Canada introduced commercial radio broadcasting but some politicians were concerned about U.S radio programming. This concern introduced the hybrid system of broadcasting. The policy makers split this system into two parts public and private. The reason behind this division was that Canada wanted its own traditions; as time passed the Canadian government made its own broadcasting law. History Media plays one of the most powerful and important roles in buildi ng nations. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was the first radio broadcaster in Canada; he is known as the â€Å"Father of Radio Broadcasting†. In 1906, Fessenden broadcasted his first official program. The era of media culture in Canada started in 1906 and noticeable improvements were seen within the next few years. In 1929, the government of Canada took remarkable efforts. The Arid Commission on public broadcasting suggested the establishment of a national radio broadcast network. In Canada, there was an increasing trend of listening to radio broadcast and because they didn’t have any national broadcasting station, they would listen to American radio. This was a major concern for the Canadian government and therefore, they launched their own national broadcasting radio. In 1932, Canadian Radio Broadcasting was founded under the administration of R.B. Bennet’s government. CBC was mainly responsible for innovation in Canadian media culture and all the broadcasting stat ions were under the control of CBC. CBC, Crown Corporation, was based on the model of the BBC. In 1940, an association was founded and named as Radio Artists of Toronto Society. This society was basically established for the radio performers and they were responsible for securing the rights of radio artists (James Lorimer & Company 24). The Association of Canadian Radio Artists was formed in 1943 and it was a flexible, national alliance of a variety of groups of actors. In 1946, FM radio was introduced in Canada but distinct FM service was launched later in the 1960s. In 1952, the era of television broadcasting was started with the launch of stations one after another in Montreal (CBFT) and then in Toronto. The first privately owned station of CBC was a television station in Sudbury and they owned it in 1953. In 1962, the English language radio network was divided into two different services (i.e. Dominion Network and Trans-Canada Network); Dominion Network was dissolved in 1976. Th e Trans-Canada Network was simply known as CBC. Over the next few decades, CBC was known to be the second English language FM Radio network and in 1976 its’ name was changed. It was now known as CBC Stereo (The Wendy Michener Symposium 65). According to the Canadian Broadcasting Act, it is mandatory for the broadcasters to ensure that they are broadcasting authentic information that reflects the points of view of the different cultures living in

International Marketing Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

International Marketing Management - Coursework Example Development,progress and prosperity could only be achieved through opening to and integrating with the outside world, through stepping up exchanges and cooperation with other countries and through absorbing all fine results of human civilization. Therefore, we should embrace and seize the opportunities presented by globalization and adopt reforms to keep up with the steps of the changing world. Due to the lack of a just and equitable international economic order, the influence of globalization on countries at different stages of development is entirely different. The "dividends" derived from globalization are not fairly distributed. The developed countries have apparent advantages in capital, technology, human resources and administrative expertise and in setting the "rules of the game". They are usually the most active propellers and the biggest beneficiaries of globalization. The developing countries on the other hand are on the whole in an unfavorably position. Developing countries can obtain some foreign investment, advanced technologies and management expertise, but at the same time they are the most vulnerable to the negative impacts of globalization and lack the ability to effectively fend off and reduce the risks and pitfalls that come along with globalization. In the 1990s, especially in recent years, the gap between the North and the South has further widened. Th e economic sovereignty and economic security of the developing countries are confronted with enormous pressure and stern challenges. Some least-developed countries are even on the brink of being marginalized by globalization. Therefore, in participation of globalization, developing countries should always be on alert and try by all means to exploit the advantages and avoid all kinds of risk and harm. III. China's Experience For China, globalization is often seen as a double-edged sword that brings both opportunities and challenges, advantages and disadvantages. How to turn disadvantages into advantages in the tidal wave of globalization depends on formulating the correct policies and strategies. If the policies are correct, challenges can be turned into opportunities. China has learnt many lessons and accumulated rich experiences in dealing with globalisation from its practice of reform and opening-up. In my personal opinion, they can be summarized as follows: 1. To find a road of development that suits the national conditions. In the past 20-odd years, China has maintained an annual growth rate of over 9.3% on average. China is now the 6th largest economy and the 5th largest trading nation in the world. More than 200 million people have been lifted out of poverty. The average life expectancy reached 71.8 years in 2002, close to that of a medium-level developed country. The above accomplishments were achieved against the backdrop of a volatile international situation. The reason why China can achieve so much in such a short span of time and in a constantly changing international environment is because China has found its own road of development, suitable to its national conditions, namely building socialism with Chinese characteristics. In one word, building socialism with Chinese characteristics is to base what we do on the realities of China. While sticking to the basic system of socialism, reforms should

The mechanism of the money multiplier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The mechanism of the money multiplier - Essay Example This paper will aim to provide an explanation and illustration of the essential mechanisms behind the concept of money multiplier and intensively the manner monetary authorities can control its size and influence money supply in the economy. First, an overview of money measure will be put forth. Secondly, the mechanism in light of money multiplier will then be explained by use of symbols and equations to elaborate the cyclical variations in the multiplier factor. This will be followed by a scrutiny of money multiplier in the present economic environment which will be explained and lastly a description of the instruments of controlling money supply such as open market operation, reserve ratio and the discount window will be put in details to explain the impact in the size of money supply. A conclusion will then be provided of the general overview of the essay. The Reserve Ratio According to Valdez & Molyneux (2010, p. 111), different measures or dimensions can resolve on the issue of money supply denoted as M via monetary aggregates such as M2 and M4. The monetary aggregate M1 equals to the cash held household whilst M2 refers to the sum of deposit within the bound of retail banks and building societies in addition to the cash held by the household. M4 gives a broader measure of money which comprise of wholesale bank deposits and certificate deposits. These can be expressed as; M1 = Cash held by households M2 = M1 + retail banks and building society’s deposits M4 = M2 + wholesale banks deposits + certificate deposit The measures of money explained above shows the liquidity level of money held in supply even though broader measures indicate less liquidity held. The correlation amidst the bank of England, commercial banks and the households and the behavior which describes the supply of money in the form of deposit ratio of the currency and the reserve ratio. This can be expressed as; M = Deposits (D) + Currency deposit ratio (CU). The money multiplier main tains the mathematical connection amidst the monetary base and the economic supply of money. The monetary base or the high powered money is the summation of the currency in supply in addition to the banking system’s reserves. The money Multiplier can be articulated as; 1/rr this is the inverse of the reserve requirement ratio. For example if the reserve requirement is 20% then the multiplier effect is equal to 5. The extension of a nation’s Money supply that comes from banks ability to lend, the extent of the multiplier effect relies on the fraction of deposits that the banks are stipulated to maintain as reserves. In other terms, it is money used to make more money and is established as division of the total Bank deposits by the requirement of the reserve. The effect of the multiplier is dependent on the reserve requirement that has been set. Thus to get the effect of the multiplier on the supply of money, the first step is to get the amount banks earlier on take in v ia the deposits and then divided it by ratio of the reserve. For example, in case the reserve requirement is about 20% for each ? 200 a customer makes deposits into a bank, then ? 40 must be maintained as reserve. Nonetheless, the remaining ? 160 can be advanced to other banks customers as loans. This ? 160 is then made as deposits by the customers into other banks which simultaneously also keeps 20% or ? 32 in reserve but can loan out the remaining ? 128. This cycle goes on as more customers’ makes deposits of money and more banks proceed with the lending process until the ? 200 earlier deposited makes a total of ? 1000 (?200/0.2) in deposits. These deposits created forms the multiplier effect. It must be noted that the higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the supply of money, which eventually lead to a lower multiplier effect for every pound deposited (Cecchetti, 2008, p. 47). Subsequently, the lower the effect of the multiplier, the greater the supply of

Workers Without Health Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Workers Without Health Insurance - Essay Example It will finally draw a conclusive recommendation on how workers can be provided with medical covers to enhance their heath care service provision. The primary source of health insurance covers in the United States is the employer-sponsored insurance -ESI1. ESI offers job-based health benefits which are in some cases subsidized by the federal government by exempting employer tax on health insurance premiums. In certain companies there are private employer sponsored which are voluntary and depends on the company's financial ability to meet the health care requirement for its entire workforce. Since not all employers offer insurance covers to its employees, not all workers have insurance policies and consequently, their children and spouses do not have them. In most cases, people who are not insured are either workers or family members of the workers. Previous research has shown that most American citizens obtain their health insurances through their employment agencies. However, some working environments do not find it economically possible to offer health insurance services to its workers. These working environments include; those who earn low wages, short job tenures, working part-time or those with low incomes2. In 2003, the Kaiser commission of inquiry reported that of the 124 million workers who were uninsured, 80% of them were self employed and this can be explained by the fact that these group of people do not get access to group insurance which is somehow cheaper. Another group of uninsured workers who formed the remaining percentage were workers with non-working spouses. Causes of medical disenfranchisement People become medically disenfranchised because they lack proper medical insurance cover that they can depend on whenever they are not feeling well. Poor health care in America today has been blamed on lack of worker insurance policies and programs leading to high costs of medical services. As many people continue to work as casuals and part-time jobs, in addition to low wages and salaries, they are not able to meet the medical requirements needed not only by themselves but also by their families. This has led to increased number of people who operate without medical and insurance covers for a better part of their lives. In fact, research has shown that three out five working Americans are not covered with insurance covers. This trend has in the past sparked a lot of condemnation from all quarters especially from government critics. Pressure is therefore building on employers to ensure that all its employees are insured. However, with increased incidences of political unwillingness, societal diversity and stagnating economies, it is no longer economically visible to offer all people the medical insurance cover they need. The burden has been therefore left to the workers to seek private insurance covers, which are very expensive to them.

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Social Psychology - Assignment Example Consequently, I seldom participated in get together or other social activities conducted within school premises by my class-fellows. It is therefore, the boys and girls considered me as a very temperamental, unpredictable and arrogant person. One of my girl class-fellows, called Sandy, was very naughty and lively student. She looked like a tom-boy, and participated in sports and games, and every mischief observed by the naughty students. She did not like such a book worm like me, and always displayed her disliking for too much study and no play in quite an innocent mode. She cited psychological causes that led humans towards isolation and described the reasons behind leading the lonely life. â€Å"Lonely people have an intense longing to be needed and wanted by someone else. Some people suffer from loneliness from time to time, and for some it’s a daily way of life. Most lonely people wear the affects of it on their face with a sad continence or a dejected look.† (Nicel y, 2008: 1) But it was not the case actually; rather, I wanted to spend most of my time in the world of literature, colors and imagination. I even had no care regarding the views my class-mates maintained about me. Time was passing with its usual flow, and everything appeared to be routine matter. Then one day one single event made revolutionary changes in my life. It was a pleasant April morning, when the speech contest was going to be held at school level. One student from 7th to 10th grade could participate in the contest. I was one of the spectators, when I found my class-teacher in a perplexed state. On enquiry, I came to know that the contester from our class was absent from the school and there was no one to represent our class. Since everyone knew that I had vast knowledge of almost all topics, the teacher requested me to represent the class. After little hesitation, I stepped forward and spoke at